| 1 |
Clay Brick |
Exterior masonry walls, cavity-wall façades, partitions, and rainscreen finishes |
0.40–1.30 |
1,400–2,000 |
Non-combustible; generally maintains structural integrity at high temperatures |
Water absorption commonly ranges from approximately 6% to 20%; detailing and flashing are important |
50–100+ years when properly manufactured and installed |
Check dimensional tolerances, freeze–thaw resistance, efflorescence control, compressive strength, and applicable masonry standards |
| 2 |
Float Glass |
Windows, curtain walls, doors, façade infill panels, and interior daylighting areas |
About 1.0 |
Approximately 2,500 |
Non-combustible, but standard glass can crack or break under thermal shock or impact |
Essentially non-absorbent; edge protection and compatible sealants are required |
30–50+ years depending on framing, seals, exposure, and maintenance |
Confirm thickness, optical quality, light transmission, solar factor, safety-glazing requirements, and local wind-load design |
| 3 |
Mineral Wool Insulation |
External wall systems, ventilated façades, roofs, floors, and fire-rated cavity insulation |
0.034–0.045 |
30–180 |
Generally non-combustible; suitable grades can withstand temperatures above 1,000°C |
Water-repellent grades are available, but prolonged wetting can reduce thermal performance |
50+ years when kept dry and correctly installed |
Evaluate thermal resistance, density, facing, water-repellency, acoustic performance, compression resistance, and fire classification |
| 4 |
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) |
External thermal insulation systems, cavity walls, foundation insulation, and insulated panels |
0.031–0.040 |
15–30 |
Combustible polymer; fire behavior depends on formulation, thickness, protection, and system design |
Low water absorption compared with many porous materials, but exposed edges require protection |
50+ years when protected from ultraviolet exposure, solvents, and excessive heat |
Check fire classification, declared thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, bead structure, density, and compatibility with adhesives |
| 5 |
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) |
Below-grade walls, foundations, inverted roofs, floor slabs, and high-moisture insulation zones |
0.029–0.036 |
25–45 |
Combustible polymer; must be protected and used according to the tested wall or roof assembly |
Very low water absorption and good resistance to freeze–thaw cycling |
50+ years in protected applications |
Review compressive strength, long-term water absorption, edge profile, dimensional stability, and resistance to soil or chemical exposure |
| 6 |
Laminated Safety Glass |
Overhead glazing, balustrades, skylights, façades, and areas requiring retained fragments after breakage |
About 1.0 |
Approximately 2,500 |
Non-combustible; interlayers retain broken fragments but are not equivalent to fire-rated glass unless tested |
Glass is non-absorbent; edge sealing is important for long-term interlayer durability |
25–50+ years, depending on interlayer, edge conditions, ultraviolet exposure, and installation quality |
Specify interlayer type, impact class, thickness, acoustic rating, ultraviolet exposure, and safety requirements for the destination market |
| 7 |
Low-Emissivity Coated Glass |
Energy-efficient windows, curtain walls, and insulated glazing units |
About 1.0 for the glass itself; overall window performance depends on the complete glazing unit |
Approximately 2,500 |
Non-combustible glass; coating durability depends on whether it is protected inside an insulating glass unit |
Non-absorbent; insulating-glass edge seals must control moisture ingress and condensation |
20–40+ years for properly fabricated and installed units |
Compare U-value, solar heat-gain coefficient, visible transmittance, coating position, color, seal durability, and spacer technology |
| 8 |
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) |
Lightweight external wall blocks, panels, infill walls, and thermal masonry systems |
0.09–0.20 |
300–700 |
Non-combustible; can provide substantial fire resistance when thickness and joints are properly designed |
Porous and capable of absorbing water; requires render, coating, cladding, and properly detailed joints |
50–100 years with adequate weather protection |
Confirm density class, compressive strength, dimensional accuracy, reinforcement protection, lifting requirements, and installation methods |
| 9 |
Calcium Silicate Brick |
Load-bearing and non-load-bearing masonry, façade walls, acoustic partitions, and fire-rated construction |
0.60–1.00 |
1,600–2,000 |
Non-combustible; commonly used where fire resistance and acoustic mass are priorities |
Moderate to high moisture sensitivity may occur during storage and construction; weatherproof detailing is required |
50–100+ years when protected from persistent moisture |
Check compressive strength, frost resistance, suction rate, dimensional tolerances, mortar compatibility, and local masonry-code compliance |
| 10 |
Cellular Glass Insulation |
Flat roofs, below-grade walls, floors, cold-storage areas, and moisture-sensitive thermal bridges |
0.038–0.055 |
100–180 |
Non-combustible and resistant to flame spread; performance depends on the complete assembly |
Closed-cell, non-absorbent, and resistant to water vapor; useful in damp or below-grade applications |
50–100+ years with suitable mechanical protection |
Evaluate compressive strength, vapor resistance, dimensional stability, adhesive compatibility, surface finish, and transport protection |