| Batch cooker + screw press + indirect dryer | Whole fish, trimmings, heads, frames and mixed byproducts with variable composition | Approximately 1–8 tonnes of raw material per hour | Cooking commonly around 90–100°C; pressing follows thermal coagulation; drying generally reduces meal moisture to storage level | Usually 8–10% | Moderate steam demand; batch operation can increase start-up and idle losses | Flexible, comparatively simple, suitable for smaller or seasonal plants, and tolerant of changing feedstock | Lower automation and less uniform residence time than continuous systems; more labor and floor space per tonne | Raw-material supply is intermittent or the plant needs flexible production in several batches |
| Continuous steam cooker + twin-screw press + indirect dryer | Fresh whole fish and consistent streams of fish offal from processing operations | Approximately 5–25 tonnes of raw material per hour | Continuous cooking commonly around 90–100°C, followed by mechanical dewatering and controlled drying | Usually 6–10% | Efficient steam utilization when operated near design capacity; heat recovery can reduce fuel use | Higher capacity, stable product quality, good automation potential and lower labor per tonne | Higher capital cost; stable feed rate and effective size reduction are important for reliable pressing | The plant operates for long periods with a predictable supply of raw fish or byproducts |
| Continuous cooker + press + direct hot-air dryer | High-moisture fish solids and mixed byproducts where rapid evaporation is required | Approximately 5–30 tonnes of raw material per hour | Hot drying gas contacts the pressed solids; outlet conditions are controlled to protect meal quality | Usually 6–10% | High thermal demand and significant exhaust-air handling; heat recovery is valuable | Fast drying, high evaporation capacity and relatively compact dryer equipment | Greater risk of oxidation, odor release and localized overheating if air temperature or residence time is poorly controlled | High throughput is required and the plant can install effective odor, dust and exhaust treatment |
| Indirect steam-tube or disc dryer | Pressed fish cake, protein-rich solids, oily raw material and products requiring controlled heating | Approximately 3–25 tonnes of raw material per hour, depending on the upstream press and evaporative load | Steam-heated surfaces transfer heat indirectly; product temperature and residence time are adjustable | Commonly 6–10% | Moderate-to-high steam demand; generally less contaminated exhaust gas than direct drying | Good product protection, lower direct contact with combustion gases and strong odor-control potential | Higher equipment cost and possible fouling when feed contains excessive oil, fines or sticky material | Meal quality, odor control and gentle heat treatment are more important than the lowest initial cost |
| Low-temperature vacuum dryer | High-value fish protein, sensitive byproducts and materials where oxidation or heat damage must be minimized | Approximately 0.5–8 tonnes of raw material per hour | Evaporation occurs under reduced pressure, allowing drying at a lower product temperature than atmospheric systems | Usually 4–8% | Higher electrical and vacuum-system requirements; thermal efficiency depends strongly on heat recovery | Helps preserve protein functionality, color and heat-sensitive quality attributes | Lower throughput, higher capital cost and more demanding vacuum maintenance | The product has a premium value or strict quality requirements that justify additional investment |
| Press liquor separation + three-phase decanter or centrifuge | Raw fish and byproducts with recoverable fish oil, suspended solids and aqueous protein liquor | Approximately 2–30 tonnes of raw material per hour, depending on separation duty | Separates solids, oil and water after cooking and pressing; the exact temperature depends on oil viscosity and hygiene requirements | Not a standalone dryer; separated solids generally require drying to about 6–10% moisture | Electrical demand is higher than simple settling, but improved oil and solids recovery can increase overall yield | Improves oil recovery, reduces suspended solids in stickwater and supports more consistent meal composition | Requires skilled operation, cleaning and maintenance; separation performance changes with feed composition | The raw material contains valuable oil or the plant needs tighter control of protein, ash and moisture specifications |